Confidence begets more confidence.

Yet another study, this one by Cameron Anderson and Sebastien Brion of Berkeley's Institute of Labor and Empowerment, confirmed what most of us know is true. Some people are promoted based on their confidence and not necessarily by their competence.

That loud voice and emphatic gesticulation? They work. Really well. 

And it's a feedback loop. Confident people get promoted, which makes them feel more confident, which makes them seem more confident.... 

Ironically, people who are actually competent have lower assessment of their skills (shown in other studies), so they don't exude the same level of confidence.

So the lesson is, be an airbag and be promoted. Just kidding. The lesson is, don't be taken in by the peacock strutting. The bird can't fly. And there's more to life than gaining positional power and wealth. 

See also related article, Faking your way to power. 

Faking your way to power

Most of us have heard of the "effects of embodiment," that is, the theory that holds that we can fake our way to an emotion. You know, how smiling—even when you feel like throttling another person—makes you feel, well, happier. Somehow, the way you arrange the muscles in your face releases the right neurochemicals. (In at least one study, the subjects were not even smiling, they were just biting a pencil!)

So, interestingly enough, researchers in Columbia and Harvard decided to study the effects of power posturing, you know, the body language of that obnoxious fratboy of a bossman character in your work place. It's the body language that takes up a lot of space: the obnoxious coach in Glee establishes her authority over everyone by planting both hands on the table and looming forwards; various pictures of presidents show them with their feet on the table and elbows behind their heads (that's not Obama relaxing, that's him establishing power over his staff); countless bouncers with their hands on their hips, elbows pointing out to their sides, and legs rooted in a power base. Yeah, you know those postures. (If you are reading this blog, you must be that nerd on the receiving end of the power postures.)

So what did they find out? Same deal as the smile study. People assuming power postures felt more in power. AND testosterone levels of subjects—regardless of gender—went up while cortisol levels (the stress-related hormone) went down within moments of assuming the power postures. Incidentally, people in power have lower level of cortisol (probably because they're busy raising everyone else's).

On the flip side of the coin, taking submissive postures, which entails making yourself seem smaller (slouching, slumping shoulders, looking vulnerable, hugging self and crossing ankles), resulted in lower testosterone and higher cortisol levels.  

So the lesson is, act like a bully. You'll feel good about it later. It's also a great way to build up your confidence right before a tough meeting, an interview, or your next mime performance before a large audience.   

The most diverse marine area in the world

If you can scuba dive only one place in the world, your top pick should be the Verde Island Passage in the Philippines. The Philippines, along with Borneo and New Guinuea, form the Coral Triangle, an area known to teem with the world's highest marine biodeiversity.

The country has highest number of nudibranch (sea slugs) species in the world, far higher than the entire Caribbean Sea! In fact, many new species continue to be discovered to this day. What's the big deal with sea slugs? Well, they're actually some of the most photogenic creatures, despite their unfortunate names. Wild, vibrant colors in translucent blob of a body grabs your attention the same way clown car crashes do.

Photo source: Line In Design

If scuba diving is not in the cards, you can get a small glimpse of a Philippine reef in the Academy of Science in San Francisco.

The richest dudes of all time

A visit to the King Tut exhibit led us to wonder how the wealth of American tycoons compare to that of the pharaohs. Fairly well, according to the Forbes list of wealthiest people of all time.

A stunning number of Americans (14) made it to the top 75. In fact, John D. Rockefeller (1) and Andrew Carnegie (2) beat out the mighty pharaohs (Amenhotep III at no. 12). The list doesn't include absolute monarchs who theoretically owned the entire empire. This might explain the absence of emperors of China, which—for centuries—had the largest GDP in the world. Nor does it include Alexander the Great, who conquered everybody (in the parts of the world known to the West) and their dogs.

A monumental pyramid built by legions of slaves?! Pfft, Carnegie can build two skyscrapers with a steel train shuttling him from one towering structure to the other.

Wikipedia has its own list, but the scholarship is even more suspect. Who knows what methodology they (whoever "They" are) used.

There, there

Quick, name all the "there-" adverbs that you know! Let's see, there's thereby and therefore and thereabouts... oh, and therein. Kthnxbai, I'm done. 

Well, it turns out more of 'em are lurking in the dusty dictionary. Some, like "therebefore" and "thereunto," feel so vintage, I feel like I have to put on some bloomers before I could use them.

Check out the words:

• Thereabout
• Thereafter
• Thereagain
• Thereagainst
• Thereat
• Therebefore
• Thereby
• Therefor
• Therefore
• Therefrom
• Therein
• Thereinafter
• Thereinto
• Thereof
• Thereon
• Thereto
• Theretofore
• Thereunder
• Thereunto

See, this is why English has a vocabulary of 1 million words. It's stuffed with all sorts of fillers and random combinations.

Bean, bean, the musical fruit

Why do beans make people produce music involuntarily? If you know about lactose intolerance, you probably already have the answer—it's all about not having the enzyme to digest some doohickeys. In this case, it's the lack of of a-D-galactopyranosidase, which breaks down oligosaccharides (specifically, raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose). And just as "lactose" is a fancypants term for milk sugar, "oligasaccharide" is just a fancypants term for bean carbs.

Carbs that our body cannot digest go to the colon, where they are gnawed on by bacteria whose byproducts are gases that turn our bodies into walking wind instruments of death. Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and—in some unfortunate individuals—methane, together produce the sound effects.

Anyway, you can easily shush the music by taking the missing enzyme in the form of Beano. To minimize other types of music produced by bacterial fermentation, change what you eat and see what happens. It's a fun science project, but not for your second-hand subjects and innocent passersby, I have to say.

Take two intestinal worms and call me in the morning

What do you do when your bacon-wrapped cookie falls to the ground? Why, pick it up and eat it, of course! If the floor is dirty, even better! Bonus germs!

An increasing number of studies are supporting the hygiene hypothesis, which proposes that early exposure to cooties encourages the development of a well-tuned immune system.

The hypothesis is commonly cited as a possible explanation for the rise of autoimmune diseases, such as allergies and asthma, in developed nations. Supposedly, a squeaky clean environment results in a bored immune system that starts tasering harmless things, like pollen, some food items, or in some cases, the very body it's supposed to protect.

Harmless bacteria and happy-go-lucky viruses are all good for the development of the immune system, but the "It" girl of hygiene hypothesis is turning out to be—get your cameras ready!—the intestinal worm. Most worms are harmless in healthy people, because human beings have adapted to their presence. 

Some worms seem to be good at preventing some bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease). A few showed promising potential to even reverse autoimmune diseases! In one study, subjects stricken with multiple sclerosis who were subsequently infected with human whipworm (in the course of life, not by the researchers) had mellower versions of their disease. (The University of Wisconsin Madison is conducting a similar study. Imagine the recruitment poster for that study!) 

Everyone wants to hear about intestinal worms during dinner parties, so load up on materials by doing a Google search. For a great overview on the studies, check out the Evolution and Medicine Review and the New York Times (registration required).